Mpox: Understanding the Disease and Its Global Impact
What is Mpox?
Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus, which is closely related to the variola virus—the virus responsible for smallpox. Initially identified in 1958 among laboratory monkeys, the first human cases were reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. The disease typically manifests with symptoms such as fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes, often resembling those of smallpox. However, Mpox is generally less severe and has a lower mortality rate.
The Mpox virus is primarily transmitted from animals to humans, but it can also spread through human-to-human contact. This transmission can occur via respiratory droplets, direct contact with bodily fluids or lesions, and contaminated materials.
Recent Outbreaks
Mpox gained international attention when outbreaks occurred outside endemic regions, notably in Europe and North America. In 2022, a significant surge in cases highlighted the urgent need for effective public health responses, as concerns about its similarity to smallpox grew.
WHO Prequalifies First Mpox Vaccine
On September 13, 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified the MVA-BN vaccine, a crucial milestone in preventing Mpox outbreaks. This pre-qualification ensures the vaccine meets global standards for safety, quality, and efficacy, facilitating its distribution, particularly in regions with limited healthcare access.
Originally used in smallpox vaccination efforts, the MVA-BN vaccine has been adapted to combat Mpox. Clinical trials demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing both the severity and transmission of the virus.
Causes and Transmission
Mpox is primarily found in Central and West Africa, where it is endemic among certain animal populations. Rodents are considered the primary reservoir of the virus, but other animals, including monkeys and squirrels, can also harbour it. Human infections often occur following direct contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids, or lesions.
Human-to-human transmission has been observed, particularly in close-contact settings, which raises concerns for outbreaks, especially in regions with lower immunity to the virus. Notably, during the recent surge in cases, a significant number of infections were reported among individuals with no recent travel history to endemic areas, suggesting that the virus can spread more widely than previously understood.
Impact and Vaccination Efforts
The MVA-BN vaccine brings hope to high-risk populations, especially in endemic areas. By targeting healthcare workers and close contacts of infected individuals, global vaccination efforts can significantly reduce Mpox transmission. The WHO’s approval of this vaccine is a vital step toward controlling outbreaks and ensuring access to immunisation in low-resource regions.
Conclusion
The prequalification of the MVA-BN vaccine by the WHO marks a significant advancement in the global fight against Mpox. As public health agencies continue to respond to rising case numbers, this vaccine offers a vital tool in curbing the spread of the virus and protecting vulnerable populations.
By ensuring access to immunisation, particularly in endemic regions, the global community can work towards controlling Mpox outbreaks and safeguarding public health.
With continued vigilance and effective vaccination strategies, we can turn the tide against this zoonotic disease and improve health outcomes for at-risk individuals worldwide.
